The conserved head structure, the membrane portion and the peripheral stalk (or stalks) together could have formed a translocase that coupled ATP hydrolysis to the transfer of RNA and/or proteins ...

A buildup of protons causes a proton potential difference across a biological membrane; this acts as the power source to rotate the lower motor (F0) of ATP synthase. A connecting shaft causes the ...

The flow of protons through amazing protein turbines embedded in this membrane powers the synthesis ... sophisticated protein machinery as the ATP synthase. There are a few possible abiotic ...

Subsequent generation of a proton-motive force across the photosynthetic membrane, and the eventual storage of this energy in a chemical form as ATP (ATP synthase) take tens of ms. Stored solar energy ...