and mechanisms of action before proceeding to animal studies and clinical trials. Cell culture is a crucial technology for the production of vaccines. Many viral vaccines, such as those for influenza, ...

Offering a bridge between traditional 2D techniques and animal models, 3D cell culture is providing a wealth of new opportunities. These tiny clusters of cells are advancing understanding of ...

Replacement is simply replacing the use of animals with non-animal techniques. Practical examples of “replacement” include: use of cell culture techniques to replace animals as incubators for cell ...

In light of these problems, scientists have developed animal component-free alternatives to augment cell culture for several decades. Recombinant, synthetic, or chemical media components offer ...

Pulsed electrical fields can be used to introduce DNA into a wide variety of animal cells 1,2. Electroporation works well with cell lines that are refractive to other techniques, such as calcium ...