This mechanism plays a significant role in the spread of antibiotic resistance and virulence factors among bacterial populations. Central to this process is the type IV secretion system (T4SS), a ...

demonstrating how T3SS effectors can manipulate host cell processes to enhance bacterial virulence and facilitate infection[5]. Type III Secretion System (T3SS): A needle-like structure used by ...

coli are well-known bacteria that cause food poisoning ... rustigianii also possesses a virulence factor called the type III secretion system, which bears the highest degree of similarity to ...