In 2012, Dr Ma and Dr Edgecombe turned that presumption on its head - and out rolled a brain. The breakthrough came when they were studying a 517-million-year-old arthropod fossil, Fuxianhuia protensa ...

By analyzing fossils from sites like the Kuanchuanpu Formation, Chengjiang Biota, and Burgess Shale, the team uncovered impressions of VNCs in species such as Eopriapulites sphinx, Eokinorhynchus ...

By studying fossils from the Fortunian Kuanchuanpu Formation (e.g., Eopriapulites and Eokinorhynchus), the Chengjiang Biota (e.g., Xiaoheiqingella and Mafangscolex), and the Wuliuan Ottoia ...