But while lifeless during that time, the planet was already covered by vast oceans dotted with hydrothermal vent systems that ...

The earliest lifeforms, cyanobacteria, appeared around 4 billion years ago. These organisms, now known as algae, were among ...

reducing water levels in reservoirs intended for human consumption. These conditions favored the proliferation of cyanobacteria, which release neurotoxins into the water, such as saxitoxin.

such as humans belong. What sparked this biological bonanza isn't clear. It may be that oxygen in the atmosphere, thanks to emissions from photosynthesizing cyanobacteria and algae, were at levels ...

Rising temperatures and changing environmental conditions in the Great Lakes are contributing to harmful algal blooms, and ...