President Macron has aired the idea that France's deterrence force could be used to defend of other European countries.

President Emmanuel Macron has said he will launch a strategic dialogue on extending the protection offered by France's nuclear arsenal to its European partners.

The French leader unveiled plans to spend about $1.6 billion on a nuclear air base hours before traveling to Berlin for talks with Friedrich Merz.

And in the French concept of [nuclear] doctrine, the weapons are not shared and deterrence is not shared – indeed in any concept of doctrine, since the Americans do not share theirs either.

Until now French nuclear doctrine has been built around the threat of a massive nuclear response if the president thought the "vital interests" of France were at stake. The limits of these "vital ...

Under what conditions could France – the only nuclear power in the EU since Brexit – provide deterrence on a European scale ...

Recently published Signal discussions in which senior Trump administration officials admit they “hate bailing out” America’s ...

French nuclear use doctrine is remarkably different from the doctrine used by most nuclear powers. France possesses a strategic nuclear capability in the form of four Le Triomphant class SSBN ...

The Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) has questioned France's ability to deploy its nuclear umbrella across Europe. France's nuclear forces, primarily airborne and submarine-based, ...

Emmanuel Macron has proposed opening a dialogue with other European countries on France's nuclear deterrent, raising questions about what a French nuclear umbrella over Europe might entail – although ...