Cortisol and the HPA Axis System This understanding begins with defining cortisol, the human body’s naturally occurring stress hormone. According to Lupien, et al. (2009), cortisol is a ...

Prenatal stress affects infant stress response and temperament differently for boys and girls, with key sensitivity periods ...

A team of researchers at Michigan State University and the University of Michigan found new insights into the timing of ...

A team of researchers at Michigan State University and the University of Michigan found new insights on the timing of prenatal stress and its effect on infant stress reactivity and temperament - ...

1. Chronic stress: Prolonged exposure to stressors activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, leading to elevated cortisol levels that disrupt nervous system balance. 2. Trauma ...