Predation, herbivory, and parasitism are specific types of antagonistic interactions. In predation, one organism kills and consumes another. Predation provides energy to prolong the life and ...

Are plants passive victims or do they actively resist these attacks? Some plants avoid herbivory by decreasing their apparency or ‘hiding' from herbivores in spatial or temporal refuges.

Of course, herbivory, or plant predation, is not ideal for a plant’s survival. So plants have evolved many different defense ...

The tree cactus faced a triple threat: rising oceans that brought in saltwater, storms that ripped away soil with high tides, and herbivory from animals. By 2021, a once-thriving cluster of ...