A few years ago Hackaday featured a laminar project ... in parallel inside a 4″ PVC pipe. The water input is a 3/4″ garden hose adapter, perpendicular to the flow of the output nozzle.

This section was adapted from The Engine and the Atmosphere: An Introduction to Engineering by Z. Warhaft, Cambridge University Press, 1997. How many times a day do we turn on a faucet? Do it now.

Finally, experimental studies have provided valuable data on the laminar-to-turbulent transition in pipe flow. These studies have classified flow conditions based on Reynolds numbers and examined ...

There are two main types of fluid flow - laminar flow, in which the fluid flows smoothly in layers, and turbulent flow, which is characterised by chaotic motion and large amounts of mixing.

I n 1883, Osborne Reynolds injected ink into water in a short, clear pipe to observe its movement. His experiments showed that as the input water velocity increased, the flow went from laminar ...