illustrating the need to directly measure serum osmolality or calculate it by its main determinants namely, sodium, glucose, and urea (2,3). Administering intravenous normal (0.9%) saline usually ...

Signs and symptoms associated with hyponatremia are secondary to cellular hypo-osmolality. Fever, headache, nausea and vomiting, muscle cramps weakness, and confusion occur when serum sodium ...

SIADH is characterized by decreased serum osmolality with inappropriate urinary concentration (Larsen et al., 2003). ADH acts on the distal collecting duct tubules resulting in increased water ...