The most frequent ANA patterns in PBC sera are the 'speckled' (Figure 1), the multiple nuclear dots (MND; Figure 2), the rim-like/membranous (RL/M; Figure 3) and the anticentromere (ACA ...

Recent research has focused on improving the understanding of ANA patterns, their prevalence, and their role in the diagnosis of ARDs. One significant development in the field is the establishment ...