Almirall, Esteve, and Ramon Casadesus-Masanell. "Open vs. Closed Innovation: A Model of Discovery and Divergence." Academy of Management Review 35, no. 1 (January 2010): 27–47.

Could 'open innovation' models that have proved ... the business model adopted by most high-tech companies was traditional 'closed innovation'. Ideas were generated internally and taken from ...

However, there are emerging examples of new open business models that support open innovation 2. The continued development of such open business models will be as crucial, if not more crucial ...