Phonics theory takes exactly the opposite position: the proper analogy for learning to read is learning music notation, or Morse code, or Braille, in which mastery of a set of symbols comes first.

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Simple words like "the" and "of" are everywhere, but don't follow regular phonics patterns. How should teachers approach them?

using a simplified model of phonotactic learning as an example to illustrate the main methodological issues. The chapter then gives an overview of recent studies that have begun to address the ...