Understanding Equivalence Theories. Equivalence theories of justice propose that all contributors to an unlawful act or societal outcome share equal responsibility, regardless of ...

[In 1957, Professor H.L.A. Hart of Oxford University gave a lecture at Harvard, subsequently published as "Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals ... Instead, on the basis of a theory about ...

He paints a daunting picture but what stands out is his optimism, or what he prefers to call positivism. "Optimism is like being a spectator at a football match, hoping your team somehow wins," he ...

Joseph Raz (March 21, 1939 – May 2, 2022) was an Israeli legal, moral and political philosopher. He was an advocate of legal ...