The units of absorbed dose are the rad and the gray (Gy). The rate of disintegration (transformation ... One esu represents 2E9 ion pairs, or 2.58E-4 coulombs/kg air. This amount of radiation imparts ...

Since the 1990's, we have been forerunners in using molecular dynamics to study radiation effects in all classes of materials at energies ranging from meV to GeV's. The many fundamental topics studied ...