The principle is simple; rather than directly measuring the temperature of the flame, use it to heat up something of known mass and composition and then dunk that object in some water. If you know ...

A demonstration of how to measure the air temperature using a thermometer. There are temperature differences between day and night, and the temperature varies between shade and full sunshine.

between the water and the thermometer. This gives us both a way of talking about energy and a way of measuring temperature using a known reference. In turn, the temperature of the thermometer can ...

By monitoring how these giant "Rydberg" atoms interact with heat in their environment, researchers can measure temperature with remarkable accuracy. The thermometer's sensitivity could improve ...