Trehalose SG exosomes had a higher residual rate than vesicles formulated with glucose or sucrose. By protecting the lipid bilayer, Trehalose SG improved the residual rate after freeze–thaw cycles.

In 1994, Japanese company Hayashibara Co., Ltd. developed a way to mass produce trehalose, a naturally occurring, energy-producing sugar found in many plants, algae, fungi, bacteria, and insects.