This leads to the absence of truncal spiraling, ventricular looping and division of the CAT. Experimental studies performed on chick embryos have shown an association of a persistent CAT with ...

Atrial flutter occurs when a “reentrant” circuit is present, causing a repeated loop of electrical activity ... and thus the ventricular rate will not be as fast as the atrial rate.

Ventricular assist devices (VADs) are mechanical pumps that help circulate blood in patients with severe heart failure. These devices are crucial for patients awaiting heart transplants or those ...