As an example, let’s consider the AND gate (the others are OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR and XNOR). Electronic gates operate on two nominal voltages, normally 0 V and 5 V, representing the logic 0 ...

Additionally, researchers have focused on designing specific logic gates, such as XOR/XNOR cells, that are resilient to voltage and temperature changes. A novel design at the 22 nm technology node ...