say NAND gates. If you have free gates in an IC using them for a circuit instead of adding another IC, like an XOR, saves money and board space in a design. A useful design tool is the Karnaugh ...

As an example, let’s consider the AND gate (the others are OR, NOT, NAND, NOR, XOR and XNOR). Electronic gates operate on two nominal voltages, normally 0 V and 5 V, representing the logic 0 ...