The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is now known to play a key role in the pathogenesis of hypertension and a range of other cardiovascular diseases. Two groups of drugs, the ACE ...

Purpose: The clinical benefits, adverse effects, pharmacokinetics, and recommendations for the appropriate use of the aldosterone antagonists spironolactone and eplerenone in patients with heart ...

Clinical consequences of heart failure are fatigue, dyspnea, and progressive impairment of exercise tolerance. Regular exercise training is associated with health-improving effects. In patients ...

The hormonal axis involved in this process includes angiotensin, aldosterone, and ADH (vasopressin), that is often responsible for regulating water balance. Kidney damage disrupts this balance ...

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1 Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China 2 Department of Emergency Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, ...

In the USA, more than 1 million patients are admitted to the hospital with heart failure each year. This number is likely to increase owing to aging of the population, improved survival after ...

15 Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone inhibitors can increase serum creatinine due to renal afferent arteriole vasodilation; however, relatively small increases soon after initiation predict long-term ...

MeSH terms included keywords, including “acute heart failure”, “acute decompensated heart failure”, “heart failure”, and recommended drugs: diuretics, vasopressin V2 receptor antagonists, ACEI, ARBs, ...

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