The instrumentation is identical except for the endovascular 30 mm stapler used to transect the azygos vein. A thoracotomy tray should be kept ready in case an emergency thoracotomy is necessary ...

An increased pressure gradient across the stenosis, or the presence of collateral circulation through the retroperitoneal, vertebral, intercostal, and azygos veins, are better indications of the ...

As a curious child, you might remember staring at an older relative's thick stockings at the blue, gnarled veins lying under the skin like bumpy snakes. Known as varicose veins, these blood ...

High blood pressure, stress, sun exposure, vein dysfunction, pregnancy, and other factors can contribute to the appearance of veins on the forehead. Genetic factors or age can influence whether ...

The heart was wrapped with ice-cold surgical gauze. The superior vena cava (SVC), inferior vena cava (IVC), and azygos veins, azygos vein, aorta, pulmonary artery, and pulmonary veins were then ...

As you get older, it’s not uncommon to notice large, twisty veins forming on your legs. According to the Society for Vascular Surgery, as many as 40 million Americans have what are known as varicose ...

Waste clearance (WC) is an essential process for brain homeostasis, which is required for the proper and healthy functioning of all cerebrovascular and parenchymal brain cells. This review features ...

Anatomy is the field of biology that studies the structure of living things. Anatomy focuses on the composition, structure and location of the parts of organisms tissues, organs and systems ...

The central tendon is a large part of the diaphragm that anchors the diaphragm to the ribs. A healthy person can have some minor variations in the diaphragm's anatomy. For example, the left or right ...

Vulvar varicosities are varicose veins that have become enlarged, swollen, or twisted on the outer side of your vulva. They show up on the labia minora and labia majora. In most cases, they occur ...