The management of Leishmania donova ni (LD), responsible for fatal visceral leishmaniasis (VL), faces increasing challenges due to rising drug-unresponsiveness, leading to increasing treatment ...

Unlike the many studies into the intrinsic immunomodulatory properties of natural EVs for therapeutic effects, the development of an SP-A-EV drug delivery system achieved more specific goals by ...

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In this case, lysosome-associated membrane protein 2 isoform A (LAMP2a), together with heat shock cognate protein 70 (HSC70; also known as HSPA), can transport a cytoplasmic antigen to MHC class ...

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a general term for representing the pathway by which various stimuli affect ER functions. ER stress induces the evolutionarily conserved signaling pathways, called ...

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) can replicate its RNA genome in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and utilize ER to facilitate its assembly and maturation. To maintain ER ...