The most frequent ANA patterns in PBC sera are the 'speckled' (Figure 1), the multiple nuclear dots (MND; Figure 2), the rim-like/membranous (RL/M; Figure 3) and the anticentromere (ACA ...

Recent research has focused on improving the understanding of ANA patterns, their prevalence, and their role in the diagnosis of ARDs. One significant development in the field is the establishment ...

The MND ANA pattern is immunomorphologically characterized by the staining of 3–20 dots of variable size distributed throughout the cell nucleus, but sparing the nucleoli and the mitoses (Figure 2).