Rice (Oryza sativa L.) has been cultivated as a staple food crop for 11,500 years, feeding about 56% of the world’s population and occupying an important position in food production (Chauhan, 2012; ...

Soil samples were collected from 0 to 20 cm depth using a sterile blade in early March 2023 in a five-point sampling method. Each plot yielded 500 g of soil, with samples from each plot combined to ...