Background ANA screening is a gateway test in the laboratory evaluation of autoimmunity. High-throughput enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) have largely replaced traditional IFA methods but have raised ...

Recent research has focused on improving the understanding of ANA patterns ... and their detection through HEp-2 IFA tests can reveal various patterns that correlate with specific autoantibodies ...

The detection of other patterns requires well trained readers. As a result, different systems have been developed which automate part of or the complete IFA method and reading process. Objectives This ...