The upper pulmonary veins (PVs) are responsible for the majority of atrial fibrillation (AF) triggering foci, whereas the inferior PVs are more difficult to ablate and prone to postablation ostial ...

Wandering atrial pacemaker occurs when multiple areas (ectopic foci) within the atrium generate consecutive action potentials that are all conducted to the ventricles. Thus, each QRS complex will ...

Multifocal atrial tachycardia occurs when multiple areas, or ectopic foci, within the atrium generate consecutive action potentials that are all conducted to the ventricles. Thus, each QRS complex ...

Continued triggering of foci, electrical and structural remodeling leading to changes in ion-channel currents and atrial enlargement, changes in autonomic balance or myocardial senescence with ...

Figure 2 Electrocardiogram (Lead 2 only), Showing Rapid, Irregular Atrial Tachycardia at a Rate of 175 per Minute, with Beats Probably Arising in Multiple Foci, in a Sixty-five-Year-Old Man with ...