Primary hepatic squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is extremely rare, and only a few dozen cases have been reported to date. It can barely be diagnosed before histopathological examination, which ...

Additionally, distinct expression of CTLA-4 and PD1/PD-L1 was observed among different risk factors in ICC. Our data suggest that CTLA-4 overactivation in hepatolithiasis-related ICC is likely the ...