France is one of the five "Nuclear Weapons States" under the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, but is not known to possess or develop any chemical or biological weapons. [4][5] France is the only member of the European Union to possess independent (non- NATO) nuclear weapons.

The French Nuclear Force, part of the French military, is the fourth largest nuclear-weapons force in the world, after the nuclear triads of the United States, the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China.

The French doctrine of nuclear deterrence is described in the successive White Papers on Defense and National Security, reference documents which lay the groundwork for military programming laws. It is explained and specified in the speeches made by successive presidents of the Republic.

Around the end of 1951, the idea of a French nuclear armament began to take shape, supported in particular by the Secretary of State for Atomic Affairs, Félix Gaillard, who held this post under four governments from August 1951 to June 1953.

2023年1月19日 · French nuclear deterrence is, first and foremost, strictly conceived as defensive. It is designed to protect the country’s vital interests and ensure its sovereignty and freedom of action, with the fundamental purpose to prevent a major …

2024年3月11日 · Our analysis will examine the nuclear deterrence strategy of a state considered the most pro-nuclear deterrence among all Western allies and, simultaneously, the most independent one: France, a nation with a deeply ingrained nuclear doctrine, which exhibited a more nuanced response.

2016年5月14日 · France’s involvement in the development of nuclear energy dates back to the years immediately prior to WWII, when the so-called “Paris Group” was instrumental in sustaining a chain reaction through the use of a moderator.

France’s nuclear doctrine Successive heads of state, including Presidents Sarkozy, Hollande, and now Macron, have periodically described the role of French nuclear weapons. The Defense Ministry’s 2017 Defense and National Security Strategic Review reiterated that …

2023年7月16日 · France’s nuclear doctrine. Successive heads of state, including Presidents Sarkozy, Hollande, and now Macron, have periodically described the role of French nuclear weapons.

France is calling for States to sign the Protocol to the Bangkok Treaty on the nuclear-weapon-free zone in South-East Asia. France attaches great importance to transparency efforts concerning its doctrine and its arsenals, in meeting security and non-proliferation requirements. France thus communicates regularly on its deterrence doctrine, for ...